Net English TranslationPsalms 78 =
Psalm 781
78

1 A well-written song2 by Asaph.

Pay attention, my people, to my instruction!
Listen to the words I speak!3
2 I will sing a song that imparts wisdom;
I will make insightful observations about the past.4
3 What we have heard and learned5 –
that which our ancestors6 have told us –
4 we will not hide from their7 descendants.
We will tell the next generation
about the Lord’s praiseworthy acts,8
about his strength and the amazing things he has done.
5 He established a rule9 in Jacob;
he set up a law in Israel.
He commanded our ancestors
to make his deeds known to their descendants,10
6 so that the next generation, children yet to be born,
might know about them.
They will grow up and tell their descendants about them.11
7 Then they will place their confidence in God.
They will not forget the works of God,
and they will obey12 his commands.
8 Then they will not be like their ancestors,
who were a stubborn and rebellious generation,
a generation that was not committed
and faithful to God.13
9 The Ephraimites14 were armed with bows,15
but they retreated in the day of battle.16
10 They did not keep their covenant with God,17
and they refused to obey18 his law.
11 They forgot what he had done,19
the amazing things he had shown them.
12 He did amazing things in the sight of their ancestors,
in the land of Egypt, in the region of Zoan.20
13 He divided the sea and led them across it;
he made the water stand in a heap.
14 He led them with a cloud by day,
and with the light of a fire all night long.
15 He broke open rocks in the wilderness,
and gave them enough water to fill the depths of the sea.21
16 He caused streams to flow from the rock,
and made the water flow like rivers.
17 Yet they continued to sin against him,
and rebelled against the sovereign One22 in the desert.
18 They willfully challenged God23
by asking for food to satisfy their appetite.
19 They insulted God, saying,24
“Is God really able to give us food25 in the wilderness?
20 Yes,26 he struck a rock and water flowed out,
streams gushed forth.
But can he also give us food?
Will he provide meat for his people?”
21 When27 the Lord heard this, he was furious.
A fire broke out against Jacob,
and his anger flared up28 against Israel,
22 because they did not have faith in God,
and did not trust his ability to deliver them.29
23 He gave a command to the clouds above,
and opened the doors in the sky.
24 He rained down manna for them to eat;
he gave them the grain of heaven.30
25 Man ate the food of the mighty ones.31
He sent them more than enough to eat.32
26 He brought the east wind through the sky,
and by his strength led forth the south wind.
27 He rained down meat on them like dust,
birds as numerous as the sand on the seashores.33
28 He caused them to fall right in the middle of their camp,
all around their homes.
29 They ate until they were stuffed;34
he gave them what they desired.
30 They were not yet filled up,35
their food was still in their mouths,
31 when the anger of God flared up against them.
He killed some of the strongest of them;
he brought the young men of Israel to their knees.
32 Despite all this, they continued to sin,
and did not trust him to do amazing things.36
33 So he caused them to die unsatisfied37
and filled with terror.38
34 When he struck them down,39 they sought his favor;40
they turned back and longed for God.
35 They remembered that God was their protector,41
and that the sovereign God was their deliverer.42
36 But they deceived him with their words,43
and lied to him.44
37 They were not really committed to him,45
and they were unfaithful to his covenant.
38 Yet he is compassionate.
He forgives sin and does not destroy.
He often holds back his anger,
and does not stir up his fury.46
39 He remembered47 that they were made of flesh,
and were like a wind that blows past and does not return.48
40 How often they rebelled against him in the wilderness,
and insulted him49 in the desert!
41 They again challenged God,50
and offended51 the Holy One of Israel.52
42 They did not remember what he had done,53
how he delivered them from the enemy,54
43 when he performed his awesome deeds55 in Egypt,
and his acts of judgment56 in the region of Zoan.
44 He turned their rivers into blood,
and they could not drink from their streams.
45 He sent swarms of biting insects against them,57
as well as frogs that overran their land.58
46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper,
the fruit of their labor to the locust.
47 He destroyed their vines with hail,
and their sycamore-fig trees with driving rain.
48 He rained hail down on their cattle,59
and hurled lightning bolts down on their livestock.60
49 His raging anger lashed out against them,61
He sent fury, rage, and trouble
as messengers who bring disaster.62
50 He sent his anger in full force;63
he did not spare them from death;
he handed their lives over to destruction.64
51 He struck down all the firstborn in Egypt,
the firstfruits of their reproductive power65 in the tents of Ham.
52 Yet he brought out his people like sheep;
he led them through the wilderness like a flock.
53 He guided them safely along,
while the sea covered their enemies.
54 He brought them to the border of his holy land,
to this mountainous land66 which his right hand67 acquired.
55 He drove the nations out from before them;
he assigned them their tribal allotments68
and allowed the tribes of Israel to settle down.69
56 Yet they challenged and defied70 the sovereign God,71
and did not obey72 his commands.73
57 They were unfaithful74 and acted as treacherously as75 their ancestors;
they were as unreliable as a malfunctioning bow.76
58 They made him angry with their pagan shrines,77
and made him jealous with their idols.
59 God heard and was angry;
he completely rejected Israel.
60 He abandoned78 the sanctuary at Shiloh,
the tent where he lived among men.
61 He allowed the symbol of his strong presence to be captured;79
he gave the symbol of his splendor80 into the hand of the enemy.81
62 He delivered his people over to the sword,
and was angry with his chosen nation.82
63 Fire consumed their83 young men,
and their84 virgins remained unmarried.85
64 Their86 priests fell by the sword,
but their87 widows did not weep.88
65 But then the Lord awoke from his sleep;89
he was like a warrior in a drunken rage.90
66 He drove his enemies back;
he made them a permanent target for insults.91
67 He rejected the tent of Joseph;
he did not choose the tribe of Ephraim.
68 He chose the tribe of Judah,
and Mount Zion, which he loves.
69 He made his sanctuary as enduring as the heavens above;92
as secure as the earth, which he established permanently.93
70 He chose David, his servant,
and took him from the sheepfolds.
71 He took him away from following the mother sheep,94
and made him the shepherd of Jacob, his people,
and of Israel, his chosen nation.95
72 David96 cared for them with pure motives;97
he led them with skill.98
1sn Psalm 78. The author of this lengthy didactic psalm rehearses Israel’s history. He praises God for his power, goodness and patience, but also reminds his audience that sin angers God and prompts his judgment. In the conclusion to the psalm the author elevates Jerusalem as God’s chosen city and David as his chosen king. 2tn The meaning of the Hebrew term מַשְׂכִּיל (maskil) is uncertain. See the note on the phrase “well-written song” in the superscription of Ps 74. 3tn Heb “Turn your ear to the words of my mouth.” 4tn Heb “I will open with a wise saying my mouth, I will utter insightful sayings from long ago.” Elsewhere the Hebrew word pair חִידָה+מָשָׁל (mashal + khidah) refers to a taunt song (Hab 2:6), a parable (Ezek 17:2), proverbial sayings (Prov 1:6), and an insightful song that reflects on the mortality of humankind and the ultimate inability of riches to prevent death (Ps 49:4). 5tn Or “known.” 6tn Heb “fathers” (also in vv. 5, 8, 12, 57). 7tn The pronominal suffix refers back to the “fathers” (“our ancestors,” v. 3). 8tn Heb “to a following generation telling the praises of the Lord.” “Praises” stand by metonymy for the mighty acts that prompt worship. Cf. Ps 9:14. 9tn The Hebrew noun עֵדוּת (’edut) refers here to God’s command that the older generation teach their children about God’s mighty deeds in the nation’s history (see Exod 10:2; Deut 4:9; 6:20-25). 10tn Heb “which he commanded our fathers to make them known to their sons.” The plural suffix “them” probably refers back to the Lord’s mighty deeds (see vv. 3-4). 11tn Heb “in order that they might know, a following generation, sons [who] will be born, they will arise and will tell to their sons.” 12tn Heb “keep.” 13tn Heb “a generation that did not make firm its heart and whose spirit was not faithful with God.” The expression “make firm the heart” means “to be committed, devoted” (see 1 Sam 7:3). 14tn Heb “the sons of Ephraim.” Ephraim probably stands here by synecdoche (part for whole) for the northern kingdom of Israel. 15tn Heb “ones armed, shooters of bow.” It is possible that the term נוֹשְׁקֵי (noshÿqey, “ones armed [with]”) is an interpretive gloss for the rare רוֹמֵי (romey, “shooters of”; on the latter see BDB 941 s.v. I רָמָה). The phrase נוֹשְׁקֵי קֶשֶׁת (noshÿqey qeshet, “ones armed with a bow”) appears in 1 Chr 12:2; 2 Chr 17:17. 16sn They retreated. This could refer to the northern tribes’ failure to conquer completely their allotted territory (see Judg 1), or it could refer generally to the typical consequence (military defeat) of their sin (see vv. 10-11). 17tn Heb “the covenant of God.” 18tn Heb “walk in.” 19tn Heb “his deeds.” 20sn The region of Zoan was located in the Egyptian delta, where the enslaved Israelites lived (see Num 13:22; Isa 19:11, 13; 30:4; Ezek 30:14). 21tn Heb “and caused them to drink, like the depths, abundantly.” 22tn Heb “rebelling [against] the Most High.” 23tn Heb “and they tested God in their heart.” The “heart” is viewed here as the center of their volition. 24tn Heb “they spoke against God, they said.” 25tn Heb “to arrange a table [for food].” 26tn Heb “look.” 27tn Heb “therefore.” 28tn Heb “and also anger went up.” 29tn Heb “and they did not trust his deliverance.” 30sn Manna was apparently shaped like a seed (Exod 16:31), perhaps explaining why it is here compared to grain. 31sn Because of the reference to “heaven” in the preceding verse, it is likely that mighty ones refers here to the angels of heaven. The LXX translates “angels” here, as do a number of modern translations (NEB, NIV, NRSV). 32tn Heb “provision he sent to them to satisfaction.” 33tn Heb “and like the sand of the seas winged birds.” 34tn Heb “and they ate and were very satisfied.” 35tn Heb “they were not separated from their desire.” 36tn Heb “and did not believe in his amazing deeds.” 37tn Heb “and he ended in vanity their days.” 38tn Heb “and their years in terror.” 39tn Or “killed them,” that is, killed large numbers of them. 40tn Heb “they sought him.” 41tn Heb “my high rocky summit.” 42tn Heb “and [that] God Most High [was] their redeemer.” 43tn Heb “with their mouth.” 44tn Heb “and with their tongue they lied to him.” 45tn Heb “and their heart was not firm with him.” 46tn One could translate v. 38 in the past tense (“he was compassionate…forgave sin and did not destroy…held back his anger, and did not stir up his fury”), but the imperfect verbal forms are probably best understood as generalizing. Verse 38 steps back briefly from the narrational summary of Israel’s history and lays the theological basis for v. 39, which focuses on God’s mercy toward sinful Israel. 47tn The prefixed verbal form with vav (ו) consecutive signals a return to the narrative. 48tn Heb “and he remembered that they [were] flesh, a wind [that] goes and does not return.” 49tn Or “caused him pain.” 50tn Heb “and they returned and tested God.” The Hebrew verb שׁוּב (shuv, “to return”) is used here in an adverbial sense to indicate that an earlier action was repeated. 51tn Or “wounded, hurt.” The verb occurs only here in the OT. 52sn The basic sense of the word “holy” is “set apart from that which is commonplace, special, unique.” The Lord’s holiness is first and foremost his transcendent sovereignty as the ruler of the world. He is “set apart” from the world over which he rules. At the same time his holiness encompasses his moral authority, which derives from his royal position. As king he has the right to dictate to his subjects how they are to live; indeed his very own character sets the standard for proper behavior. This expression is a common title for the Lord in the book of Isaiah. 53tn Heb “his hand,” symbolizing his saving activity and strength, as the next line makes clear. 54tn Heb “[the] day [in] which he ransomed them from [the] enemy.” 55tn Or “signs” (see Ps 65:8). 56tn Or “portents, omens” (see Ps 71:7). The Egyptian plagues are referred to here (see vv. 44-51). 57tn Heb “and he sent an insect swarm against them and it devoured them.” 58tn Heb “and a swarm of frogs and it destroyed them.” 59tn Heb “and he turned over to the hail their cattle.” 60tn Heb “and their livestock to the flames.” “Flames” here refer to the lightning bolts that accompanied the storm. 61tn Heb “he sent against them the rage of his anger.” The phrase “rage of his anger” employs an appositional genitive. Synonyms are joined in a construct relationship to emphasize the single idea. For a detailed discussion of the grammatical point with numerous examples, see Y. Avishur, “Pairs of Synonymous Words in the Construct State (and in Appositional Hendiadys) in Biblical Hebrew,” Semitics 2 (1971): 17-81. 62tn Heb “fury and indignation and trouble, a sending of messengers of disaster.” 63tn Heb “he leveled a path for his anger.” There were no obstacles to impede its progress; it moved swiftly and destructively. 64tn Or perhaps “[the] plague.” 65tn Heb “the beginning of strength.” If retained, the plural form אוֹנִים (’onim, “strength”) probably indicates degree (“great strength”), but many ancient witnesses read “their strength,” which presupposes an emendation to אֹנָם (’onam; singular form of the noun with third masculine plural pronominal suffix). 66tn Heb “this mountain.” The whole land of Canaan seems to be referred to here. In Exod 15:17 the promised land is called the “mountain of your [i.e., God’s] inheritance.” 67tn The “right hand” here symbolizes God’s military strength (see v. 55). 68tn Heb “he caused to fall [to] them with a measuring line an inheritance.” 69tn Heb “and caused the tribes of Israel to settle down in their tents.” 70tn Or “tested and rebelled against.” 71tn Heb “God, the Most High.” 72tn Or “keep.” 73tn Heb “his testimonies” (see Ps 25:10). 74tn Heb “they turned back.” 75tn Or “acted treacherously like.” 76tn Heb “they turned aside like a deceitful bow.” 77tn Traditionally, “high places.” 78tn Or “rejected.” 79tn Heb “and he gave to captivity his strength.” The expression “his strength” refers metonymically to the ark of the covenant, which was housed in the tabernacle at Shiloh. 80tn Heb “and his splendor into the hand of an enemy.” The expression “his splendor” also refers metonymically to the ark of the covenant. 81sn Verses 60-61 refer to the Philistines’ capture of the ark in the days of Eli (1 Sam 4:1-11). 82tn Heb “his inheritance.” 83tn Heb “his.” The singular pronominal suffix is collective, referring back to God’s “people” (v. 62). 84tn Heb “his.” The singular pronominal suffix is collective, referring back to God’s “people” (v. 62). 85tn Heb “were not praised,” that is, in wedding songs. The young men died in masses, leaving no husbands for the young women. 86tn Heb “his.” The singular pronominal suffix is collective, referring back to God’s “people” (v. 62). 87tn Heb “his.” The singular pronominal suffix is collective, referring back to God’s “people” (v. 62). 88sn Because of the invading army and the ensuing panic, the priests’ widows had no time to carry out the normal mourning rites. 89tn Heb “and the master awoke like one sleeping.” The Lord’s apparent inactivity during the time of judgment is compared to sleep. 90tn Heb “like a warrior overcome with wine.” The Hebrew verb רוּן (run, “overcome”) occurs only here in the OT. The phrase “overcome with wine” could picture a drunken warrior controlled by his emotions and passions (as in the present translation), or it could refer to a warrior who awakes from a drunken stupor. 91tn Heb “a permanent reproach he made them.” 92tc Heb “and he built like the exalting [ones] his sanctuary.” The phrase כְּמוֹ־רָמִים (kÿmo-ramim, “like the exalting [ones]”) is a poetic form of the comparative preposition followed by a participial form of the verb רוּם (rum, “be exalted”). The text should be emended to כִּמְרֹמִים (kimromim, “like the [heavenly] heights”). See Ps 148:1, where “heights” refers to the heavens above. 93tn Heb “like the earth, [which] he established permanently.” The feminine singular suffix on the Hebrew verb יָסַד (yasad, “to establish”) refers to the grammatically feminine noun “earth.” 94tn Heb “from after the ewes he brought him.” 95tn Heb “to shepherd Jacob, his people, and Israel, his inheritance.” 96tn Heb “He”; the referent (David, God’s chosen king, mentioned in v. 70) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 97tn Heb “and he shepherded them according to the integrity of his heart.” 98tn Heb “and with the understanding of his hands he led them.”
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