Net English TranslationLeviticus 11 =
Clean and Unclean Land Creatures
11

1 The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying to them, 2 “Tell the Israelites: ‘This is the kind of creature you may eat from among all the animals1 that are on the land. 3 You may eat any among the animals that has a divided hoof (the hooves are completely split in two2) and that also chews the cud.3 4 However, you must not eat these4 from among those that chew the cud and have divided hooves: The camel is unclean to you5 because it chews the cud6 even though its hoof is not divided.7 5 The rock badger8 is unclean to you because it chews the cud even though its hoof is not divided. 6 The hare is unclean to you because it chews the cud even though its hoof is not divided. 7 The pig is unclean to you because its hoof is divided (the hoof is completely split in two9), even though it does not chew the cud.10 8 You must not eat from their meat and you must not touch their carcasses;11 they are unclean to you.

Clean and Unclean Water Creatures

9 “‘These you can eat from all creatures that are in the water: Any creatures in the water that have both fins and scales,12 whether in the seas or in the streams,13 you may eat. 10 But any creatures that do not have both fins and scales, whether in the seas or in the streams, from all the swarming things of the water and from all the living creatures that are in the water, are detestable to you. 11 Since they are detestable to you, you must not eat their meat and their carcass you must detest. 12 Any creature in the water that does not have both fins and scales is detestable to you.

Clean and Unclean Birds

13 “‘These you are to detest from among the birds – they must not be eaten, because they are detestable:14 the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the black vulture, 14 the kite, the buzzard of any kind,15 15 every kind of crow,16 16 the eagle owl,17 the short-eared owl, the long-eared owl, the hawk of any kind, 17 the little owl, the cormorant, the screech owl, 18 the white owl, the scops owl, the osprey, 19 the stork, the heron of any kind, the hoopoe, and the bat.

Clean and Unclean Insects

20 “‘Every winged swarming thing that walks on all fours18 is detestable to you. 21 However, this you may eat from all the winged swarming things that walk on all fours, which have jointed legs19 to hop with on the land. 22 These you may eat from them:20 the locust of any kind, the bald locust of any kind, the cricket of any kind, the grasshopper of any kind. 23 But any other winged swarming thing that has four legs is detestable to you.

Carcass Uncleanness

24 “‘By these21 you defile yourselves; anyone who touches their carcass will be unclean until the evening, 25 and anyone who carries their carcass must wash his clothes and will be unclean until the evening.

Inedible Land Quadrupeds

26 “‘All22 animals that divide the hoof but it is not completely split in two23 and do not chew the cud24 are unclean to you; anyone who touches them becomes unclean.25 27 All that walk on their paws among all the creatures that walk on all fours26 are unclean to you. Anyone who touches their carcass will be unclean until the evening, 28 and the one who carries their carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening; they are unclean to you.

Creatures that Swarm on the Land

29 “‘Now this is what is unclean to you among the swarming things that swarm on the land:27 the rat, the mouse, the large lizard of any kind, 30 the Mediterranean gecko, the spotted lizard, the wall gecko, the skink, and the chameleon. 31 These are the ones that are unclean to you among all the swarming things. Anyone who touches them when they die will be unclean until evening. 32 Also, anything they fall on28 when they die will become unclean – any wood vessel or garment or article of leather or sackcloth. Any such vessel with which work is done must be immersed in water29 and will be unclean until the evening. Then it will become clean. 33 As for any clay vessel they fall into,30 everything in it31 will become unclean and you must break it. 34 Any food that may be eaten which becomes soaked with water32 will become unclean. Anything drinkable33 in any such vessel will become unclean.34 35 Anything their carcass may fall on will become unclean. An oven or small stove must be smashed to pieces; they are unclean, and they will stay unclean35 to you. 36 However, a spring or a cistern which collects water36 will be clean, but one who touches their carcass will be unclean. 37 Now, if such a carcass falls on any sowing seed which is to be sown,37 it is clean, 38 but if water is put on the seed and such a carcass falls on it, it is unclean to you.

Edible Land Quadrupeds

39 “‘Now if an animal38 that you may eat dies,39 whoever touches its carcass will be unclean until the evening. 40 One who eats from its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening, and whoever carries its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening. 41 Every swarming thing that swarms on the land is detestable; it must not be eaten. 42 You must not eat anything that crawls40 on its belly or anything that walks on all fours or on any number of legs41 of all the swarming things that swarm on the land, because they are detestable. 43 Do not make yourselves detestable by any of the swarming things.42 You must not defile yourselves by them and become unclean by them, 44 for I am the Lord your God and you are to sanctify yourselves and be holy because I am holy. You must not defile yourselves by any of the swarming things that creep on the ground, 45 for I am the Lord who brought you up from the land of Egypt to be your God,43 and you are to be holy because I am holy. 46 This is the law44 of the land animals, the birds, all the living creatures that move in the water, and all the creatures45 that swarm on the land, 47 to distinguish between the unclean and the clean, between the living creatures that may be eaten and the living creatures that must not be eaten.’”

1tn Heb “the animal,” but as a collective plural, and so throughout this chapter. 2tn Heb “every divider of hoof and cleaver of the cleft of hooves”; KJV, ASV “parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted.” 3tn Heb “bringer up of the cud” (a few of the ancient versions include the conjunction “and,” but it does not appear in the MT). The following verses make it clear that both dividing the hoof and chewing the cud were required; one of these conditions would not be enough to make the animal suitable for eating without the other. 4tn Heb “this,” but as a collective plural (see the following context). 5sn Regarding “clean” versus “unclean,” see the note on Lev 10:10. 6tn Heb “because a chewer of the cud it is” (see also vv. 5 and 6). 7tn Heb “and hoof there is not dividing” (see also vv. 5 and 6). 8sn A small animal generally understood to be Hyrax syriacus; KJV, ASV, NIV “coney”; NKJV “rock hyrax.” 9tn See the note on Lev 11:3. 10tn The meaning and basic rendering of this clause is quite certain, but the verb for “chewing” the cud here is not the same as the preceding verses, where the expression is “to bring up the cud” (see the note on v. 3 above). It appears to be a cognate verb for the noun “cud” (גֵּרָה, gerah) and could mean either “to drag up” (i.e., from the Hebrew Qal of גָרָר [garar] meaning “to drag,” referring to the dragging the cud up and down between the stomach and mouth of the ruminant animal; so J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:647, 653) or “to chew” (i.e., from the Hebrew Niphal [or Qal B] of גָרָר used in a reciprocal sense; so J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 149, and compare BDB 176 s.v. גָרַר, “to chew,” with HALOT 204 s.v. גרר qal.B, “to ruminate”). 11sn The regulations against touching the carcasses of dead unclean animals (contrast the restriction against eating their flesh) is treated in more detail in Lev 11:24-28 (cf. also vv. 29-40). For the time being, this chapter continues to develop the issue of what can and cannot be eaten. 12tn Heb “all which have fin and scale” (see also vv. 10 and 12). 13tn Heb “in the water, in the seas and in the streams” (see also vv. 10 and 12). 14tn For zoological remarks on the following list of birds see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:662-64; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 159-60. 15tn Heb “and the buzzard to its kind” (see also vv. 16 and 19 for the same expression “of any kind”). 16tn Heb “every crow to its kind.” Many English versions (e.g., KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT) render this as “raven.” 17tn Literally, “the daughter of the wasteland.” Various proposals for the species of bird referred to here include “owl” (KJV), “horned owl” (NIV, NCV), and “ostrich” (ASV, NAB, NASB, NRSV, NLT). 18tn Heb “the one walking on four” (cf. vv. 21-23 and 27-28). 19tn Heb “which to it are lower legs from above to its feet” (reading the Qere “to it” rather than the Kethib “not”). 20tn For entomological remarks on the following list of insects see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:665-66; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 160-61. 21tn Heb “and to these.” 22tn Heb “to all” (cf. the note on v. 24). This and the following verses develop more fully the categories of uncleanness set forth in principle in vv. 24-25. 23tn Heb “divides hoof and cleft it does not cleave”; KJV “divideth the hoof, and is not clovenfooted”; NLT “divided but unsplit hooves.” 24tn See the note on Lev 11:3. 25sn Compare the regulations in Lev 11:2-8. 26tn Heb “the one walking on four.” Compare Lev 11:20-23. 27tn For zoological analyses of the list of creatures in vv. 29-30, see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:671-72; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 161-62. 28tn Heb “And all which it shall fall on it from them.” 29tn Heb “in water it shall be brought.” 30tn Heb “And any earthenware vessel which shall fall from them into its midst.” 31tn Heb “all which is in its midst.” 32tn Heb “which water comes on it.” 33tn Heb “any drink which may be drunk”; NASB “any liquid which may be drunk”; NLT “any beverage that is in such an unclean container.” 34tn This half of the verse assumes that the unclean carcass has fallen into the food or drink (cf. v. 33 and also vv. 35-38). 35tn Heb “be unclean.” 36tn Heb “a spring and a cistern collection of water”; NAB, NIV “for collecting water.” 37tn Heb “And if there falls from their carcass on any seed of sowing which shall be sown.” 38tn This word for “animal” refers to land animal quadrupeds, not just any beast that dwells on the land (cf. 11:2). 39tn Heb “which is food for you” or “which is for you to eat.” 40tn Heb “goes” (KJV, ASV “goeth”); NIV “moves about”; NLT “slither along.” The same Hebrew term is translated “walks” in the following clause. 41tn Heb “until all multiplying of legs.” 42tn Heb “by any of the swarming things that swarm.” 43tn Heb “to be to you for a God.” 44sn The Hebrew term translated “law” (תוֹרָה, torah) introduces here a summary or colophon for all of Lev 11. Similar summaries are found in Lev 7:37-38; 13:59; 14:54-57; and 15:32-33. 45tn Heb “for all the creatures.”
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