Sodom and Gomorrah Revisited
19

1 In those days Israel had no king. There was a Levite1 living temporarily in the remote region of the Ephraimite hill country. He acquired a concubine2 from Bethlehem3 in Judah. 2 However, she4 got angry at him5 and went home6 to her father’s house in Bethlehem in Judah. When she had been there four months, 3 her husband came7 after her, hoping he could convince her to return.8 He brought with him his servant9 and a pair of donkeys. When she brought him into her father’s house and the girl’s father saw him, he greeted him warmly.10 4 His father-in-law, the girl’s father, persuaded him to stay with him for three days, and they ate and drank together, and spent the night there. 5 On the fourth day they woke up early and the Levite got ready to leave.11 But the girl’s father said to his son-in-law, “Have a bite to eat for some energy,12 then you can go.” 6 So the two of them sat down and had a meal together.13 Then the girl’s father said to the man, “Why not stay another night and have a good time!14 7 When the man got ready to leave,15 his father-in-law convinced him to stay another night.16 8 He woke up early in the morning on the fifth day so he could leave, but the girl’s father said, “Get some energy.17 Wait until later in the day to leave!”18 So they ate a meal together. 9 When the man got ready to leave19 with his concubine and his servant,20 his father-in-law, the girl’s father, said to him, “Look! The day is almost over!21 Stay another night! Since the day is over,22 stay another night here and have a good time. You can get up early tomorrow and start your trip home.”23 10 But the man did not want to stay another night. He left24 and traveled as far as25 Jebus (that is, Jerusalem).26 He had with him a pair of saddled donkeys and his concubine.27

11 When they got near Jebus, it was getting quite late28 and the servant29 said to his master, “Come on, let’s stop at30 this Jebusite city and spend the night in it.” 12 But his master said to him, “We should not stop at a foreign city where non-Israelites live.31 We will travel on to Gibeah.” 13 He said to his servant,32Come on, we will go into one of the other towns33 and spend the night in Gibeah or Ramah.” 14 So they traveled on,34 and the sun went down when they were near Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin.35 15 They stopped there and decided to spend the night36 in Gibeah. They came into the city and sat down in the town square, but no one invited them to spend the night.37

16 But then an old man passed by, returning at the end of the day from his work in the field.38 The man was from the Ephraimite hill country; he was living temporarily in Gibeah. (The residents of the town were Benjaminites.)39 17 When he looked up and saw the traveler40 in the town square, the old man said, “Where are you heading? Where do you come from? 18 The Levite41 said to him, “We are traveling from Bethlehem42 in Judah to the remote region of the Ephraimite hill country. That’s where I’m from. I had business in Bethlehem in Judah, but now I’m heading home.43 But no one has invited me into their home. 19 We have enough straw and grain for our donkeys, and there is enough food and wine for me, your female servant,44 and the young man who is with your servants.45 We lack nothing.” 20 The old man said, “Everything is just fine!46 I will take care of all your needs. But don’t spend the night in the town square.” 21 So he brought him to his house and fed the donkeys. They washed their feet and had a meal.47

22 They were having a good time,48 when suddenly49 some men of the city, some good-for-nothings,50 surrounded the house and kept beating51 on the door. They said to the old man who owned the house, “Send out the man who came to visit you so we can have sex with him.”52 23 The man who owned the house went outside and said to them, “No, my brothers! Don’t do this wicked thing! After all, this man is a guest in my house. Don’t do such a disgraceful thing! 24 Here are my virgin daughter and my guest’s53 concubine. I will send them out and you can abuse them and do to them whatever you like.54 But don’t do such a disgraceful thing to this man! 25 The men refused to listen to him, so the Levite55 grabbed his concubine and made her go outside.56 They raped57 her and abused her all night long until morning. They let her go at dawn. 26 The woman arrived back at daybreak and was sprawled out on the doorstep of the house where her master58 was staying until it became light.59 27 When her master60 got up in the morning, opened the doors of the house, and went outside to start on his journey, there was the woman, his concubine, sprawled out on the doorstep of the house with her hands on the threshold. 28 He said to her, “Get up, let’s leave!” But there was no response. He put her on the donkey and went home.61 29 When he got home, he took a knife, grabbed his concubine, and carved her up into twelve pieces.62 Then he sent the pieces throughout Israel.63 30 Everyone who saw the sight64 said, “Nothing like this has happened or been witnessed during the entire time since65 the Israelites left the land of Egypt!66 Take careful note of it! Discuss it and speak!

119:1tn Heb “a man, a Levite.” 219:1sn See the note on the word “concubine” in 8:31. 319:1map For location see Map5-B1; Map7-E2; Map8-E2; Map10-B4. 419:2tn Heb “and his concubine.” The pronoun (“she”) has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons. 519:2tn Or “was unfaithful to him.” Many have understood the Hebrew verb וַתִּזְנֶה (vattizneh) as being from זָנָה (zanah, “to be a prostitute”), but it may be derived from a root meaning “to be angry; to hate” attested in Akkadian (see HALOT 275 s.v. II זנה). 619:2tn Heb “went from him.” 719:3tn Heb “arose and came.” 819:3tn Heb “to speak to her heart to bring her back.” 919:3tn Or “young man.” 1019:3tn Heb “he was happy to meet him.” 1119:5tn Heb “and he arose to go.” 1219:5tn Heb “Sustain your heart [with] a bit of food.” 1319:6tn Heb “And they sat and ate, the two of them together, and they drank.” 1419:6tn Heb “Be willing and spend the night so that your heart might be good.” 1519:7tn Heb “and the man arose to go.” 1619:7tn Heb “his father-in-law persuaded him and he again spent the night there.” 1719:8tn Heb “Sustain your heart.” He is once more inviting him to stay for a meal. 1819:8tn Heb “Wait until the declining of the day.” 1919:9tn Heb “the man arose to go.” 2019:9tn Or “young man.” 2119:9tn Heb “the day is sinking to become evening.” 2219:9tn Or “declining.” 2319:9tn Heb “for your way and go to your tent.” 2419:10tn Heb “and he arose and went.” 2519:10tn Heb “to the front of.” 2619:10map For location see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4. 2719:10tc Some ancient witnesses add “and his servant.” 2819:11tn Heb “and the day was descending greatly.” 2919:11tn Or “young man.” 3019:11tn Heb “turn aside” (also in the following verse). 3119:12tn Heb “who are not from the sons of Israel.” 3219:13tn Or “young man.” 3319:13tn Heb “we will enter one of the places.” 3419:14tn Heb “and they passed by and went.” 3519:14tn Heb “which belongs to Benjamin.” 3619:15tn Heb “they turned aside there to enter to spend the night.” 3719:15tn Heb “and he entered and sat down, and there was no one receiving them into the house to spend the night.” 3819:16tn Heb “And look, an old man was coming from his work, from the field in the evening.” 3919:16tn Heb “And the men of the place were Benjaminites.” 4019:17tn Heb “the man, the traveler.” 4119:18tn Heb “he”; the referent (the Levite) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 4219:18map For location see Map5-B1; Map7-E2; Map8-E2; Map10-B4. 4319:18tn Heb “I went to Bethlehem in Judah, but [to] the house of the LORD I am going.” The Hebrew text has “house of the LORD,” which might refer to the shrine at Shiloh. The LXX reads “to my house.” 4419:19tn By calling his concubine the old man’s “female servant,” the Levite emphasizes their dependence on him for shelter. 4519:19tc Some Hebrew mss and ancient witnesses read the singular, “your servant,” which would refer to the Levite. If one retains the plural, then both the Levite and his wife are in view. In either case the pronominal suffix emphasizes their dependence on the old man for shelter. 4619:20tn Heb “Peace to you.” 4719:21tn Heb “ate and drank.” 4819:22tn Heb “they were making their heart good.” 4919:22tn Heb “and look.” 5019:22tn Heb “the men of the city, men, the sons of wickedness.” The phrases are in apposition; the last phrase specifies what type of men they were. It is not certain if all the men of the city are in view, or just a group of troublemakers. In 20:5 the town leaders are implicated in the crime, suggesting that all the men of the city were involved. If so, the implication is that the entire male population of the town were good-for-nothings. 5119:22tn The Hitpael verb form appears to have an iterative force here, indicating repeated action. 5219:22tn Heb “so we can know him.” On the surface one might think they simply wanted to meet the visitor and get to know him, but their hostile actions betray their double-talk. The old man, who has been living with them long enough to know what they are like, seems to have no doubts about the meaning of their words (see v. 23). 5319:24tn Heb “his”; the referent (the visiting Levite) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 5419:24tn Heb “what is good in your eyes.” 5519:25tn Heb “he”; the referent (the Levite) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 5619:25tn Heb “and he caused [her] to go outside to them.” 5719:25tn Heb “knew,” in the sexual sense. 5819:26tn The Hebrew term here translated “master,” is plural. The plural indicates degree here and emphasizes the Levite’s absolute sovereignty over the woman. 5919:26tn Heb “The woman came at the turning of the morning and fell at the door of the house of the man where her master was until the light.” 6019:27tn The Hebrew term here translated “master,” is plural. The plural indicates degree here and emphasizes the Levite’s absolute sovereignty over the woman. 6119:28tn Heb “And the man took her on the donkey and arose and went to his place.” 6219:29tn Heb “he carved her up by her bones into twelve pieces.” 6319:29tn Heb “and he sent her through all the territory of Israel.” 6419:30tn The words “the sight” are supplied in the translation for clarification. 6519:30tn Heb “from the day.” 6619:30tc Codex Alexandrinus (A) of the (original) LXX has the following additional words: “And he instructed the men whom he sent out, ‘Thus you will say to every male Israelite: “There has never been anything like this from the day the Israelites left Egypt till the present day.”’”