Deuteronomy 1 (NET)

Deuteronomy

The Covenant Setting

1 This is what1 Moses said to the assembly of Israel2 in the Transjordanian3 wastelands, the arid country opposite4 Suph,5 between6 Paran7 and Tophel,8 Laban,9 Hazeroth,10 and Di Zahab11 2 Now it is ordinarily an eleven-day journey12 from Horeb13 to Kadesh Barnea14 by way of Mount Seir.15 3 However, it was not until16 the first day of the eleventh month17 of the fortieth year18 that Moses addressed the Israelites just as19 the Lord had instructed him to do. 4 This took place after the defeat20 of King Sihon21 of the Amorites, whose capital was22 in Heshbon,23 and King Og of Bashan, whose capital was24 in Ashtaroth,25 specifically in Edrei.26 5 So it was in the Transjordan, in Moab, that Moses began to deliver these words:27

Events at Horeb

6 The Lord our God spoke to us at Horeb and said, “You have stayed28 in the area of this mountain long enough. 7 Get up now,29 resume your journey, heading for30 the Amorite hill country, to all its areas31 including the arid country,32 the highlands, the Shephelah,33 the Negev,34 and the coastal plain – all of Canaan and Lebanon as far as the Great River, that is, the Euphrates. 8 Look! I have already given the land to you.35 Go, occupy the territory that I,36 the Lord, promised37 to give to your ancestors38 Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and to their descendants.”39 9 I also said to you at that time, “I am no longer able to sustain you by myself. 10 The Lord your God has increased your population40 to the point that you are now as numerous as the very stars of the sky.41 11 Indeed, may the Lord, the God of your ancestors, make you a thousand times more numerous than you are now, blessing you42 just as he said he would! 12 But how can I alone bear up under the burden of your hardship and strife? 13 Select wise and practical43 men, those known among your tribes, whom I may appoint as your leaders.” 14 You replied to me that what I had said to you was good. 15 So I chose44 as your tribal leaders wise and well-known men, placing them over you as administrators of groups of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens, and also as other tribal officials. 16 I furthermore admonished your judges at that time that they45 should pay attention to issues among your fellow citizens46 and judge fairly,47 whether between one citizen and another48 or a citizen and a resident foreigner.49 17 They50 must not discriminate in judgment, but hear the lowly51 and the great alike. Nor should they be intimidated by human beings, for judgment belongs to God. If the matter being adjudicated is too difficult for them, they should bring it before me for a hearing.

Instructions at Kadesh Barnea

18 So I instructed you at that time regarding everything you should do. 19 Then we left Horeb and passed through all that immense, forbidding wilderness that you saw on the way to the Amorite hill country as the Lord our God had commanded us to do, finally arriving at Kadesh Barnea. 20 Then I said to you, “You have come to the Amorite hill country which the Lord our God is about to give52 us. 21 Look, he53 has placed the land in front of you!54 Go up, take possession of it, just as the Lord, the God of your ancestors, said to do. Do not be afraid or discouraged!” 22 So all of you approached me and said, “Let’s send some men ahead of us to scout out the land and bring us back word as to how we should attack it and what the cities are like there.” 23 I thought this was a good idea,55 so I sent56 twelve men from among you, one from each tribe. 24 They left and went up to the hill country, coming to the Eshcol Valley,57 which they scouted out. 25 Then they took58 some of the produce of the land and carried it back down to us. They also brought a report to us, saying, “The land that the Lord our God is about to give us is good.”

Disobedience at Kadesh Barnea

26 You were not willing to go up, however, but instead rebelled against the Lord your God.59 27 You complained among yourselves privately60 and said, “Because the Lord hates us he brought us from Egypt to deliver us over to the Amorites so they could destroy us! 28 What is going to happen to us? Our brothers have drained away our courage61 by describing people who are more numerous62 and taller than we are, and great cities whose defenses appear to be as high as heaven63 itself! Moreover, they said they saw64 Anakites65 there.” 29 So I responded to you, “Do not be terrified66 of them! 30 The Lord your God is about to go67 ahead of you; he will fight for you, just as you saw him do in Egypt68 31 and in the desert, where you saw him69 carrying you along like a man carries his son. This he did everywhere you went until you came to this very place.” 32 However, through all this you did not have confidence in the Lord your God, 33 the one who was constantly going before you to find places for you to set up camp. He appeared by fire at night and cloud by day, to show you the way you ought to go.

Judgment at Kadesh Barnea

34 When the Lord heard you, he became angry and made this vow:70 35 “Not a single person71 of this evil generation will see the good land that I promised to give to your ancestors! 36 The exception is Caleb son of Jephunneh;72 he will see it and I will give him and his descendants the territory on which he has walked, because he has wholeheartedly followed me.”73 37 As for me, the Lord was also angry with me on your account. He said, “You also will not be able to go there. 38 However, Joshua son of Nun, your assistant,74 will go. Encourage him, because he will enable Israel to inherit the land.75 39 Also, your infants, who you thought would die on the way,76 and your children, who as yet do not know good from bad,77 will go there; I will give them the land and they will possess it. 40 But as for you,78 turn back and head for the desert by the way to the Red Sea.”79

Unsuccessful Conquest of Canaan

41 Then you responded to me and admitted, “We have sinned against the Lord. We will now go up and fight as the Lord our God has told us to do.” So you each put on your battle gear and prepared to go up to the hill country. 42 But the Lord told me: “Tell them this: ‘Do not go up and fight, because I will not be with you and you will be defeated by your enemies.’” 43 I spoke to you, but you did not listen. Instead you rebelled against the Lord80 and recklessly went up to the hill country. 44 The Amorite inhabitants of that area81 confronted82 you and chased you like a swarm of bees, striking you down from Seir as far as Hormah.83 45 Then you came back and wept before the Lord, but he84 paid no attention to you whatsoever.85 46 Therefore, you remained at Kadesh for a long time – indeed, for the full time.86

11:1tn Heb “These are the words.” 21:1tn Heb “to all Israel.” 31:1tn Heb “on the other side of the Jordan.” This would appear to favor authorship by someone living on the west side of the Jordan, that is, in Canaan, whereas the biblical tradition locates Moses on the east side (cf. v. 5). However the Hebrew phrase בְּעֵבֶר הַיּרְדֵּן (bÿ’ever hayyrÿden) is a frozen form meaning “Transjordan,” a name appropriate from any geographical vantage point. To this day, one standing east of the Jordan can describe himself as being in Transjordan. 41:1tn The Hebrew term מוֹל (mol) may also mean “in front of” or “near” (cf. NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT). 51:1sn This place is otherwise unattested and its location is unknown. Perhaps it is Khirbet Sufah, 4 mi (6 km) SSE of Madaba, Jordan. 61:1tn The Hebrew term בֵּין (ben) may suggest “in the area of.” 71:1sn Paran is the well-known desert area between Mount Sinai and Kadesh Barnea (cf. Num 10:12; 12:16). 81:1sn Tophel refers possibly to et£-T£afîleh, 15 mi (25 km) SE of the Dead Sea, or to Da‚bîlu, another name for Paran. See H. Cazelles, “Tophel (Deut. 1:1),” VT 9 (1959): 412-15. 91:1sn Laban. Perhaps this refers to Libnah (Num 33:20). 101:1sn Hazeroth. This probably refers to àAin Khadra. See Y. Aharoni, The Land of the Bible, 199-200. 111:1sn Di Zahab. Perhaps this refers to Mina al-Dhahab on the eastern Sinai coast. 121:2sn An eleven-day journey was about 140 mi (233 km). 131:2sn Horeb is another name for Sinai. “Horeb” occurs 9 times in the Book of Deuteronomy and “Sinai” only once (33:2). “Sinai” occurs 13 times in the Book of Exodus and “Horeb” only 3 times. 141:2sn Kadesh Barnea. Possibly this refers to àAin Qudeis, about 50 mi (80 km) southwest of Beer Sheba, but more likely to àAin Qudeirat, 5 mi (8 km) NW of àAin Qudeis. See R. Cohen, “Did I Excavate Kadesh-Barnea?” BAR 7 (1981): 20-33. 151:2sn Mount Seir is synonymous with Edom. “By way of Mount Seir” refers to the route from Horeb that ended up in Edom Cf. CEV “by way of the Mount Seir Road”; TEV “by way of the hill country of Edom.” 161:3tn Heb “in” or “on.” Here there is a contrast between the ordinary time of eleven days (v. 2) and the actual time of forty years, so “not until” brings out that vast disparity. 171:3sn The eleventh month is Shebat in the Hebrew calendar, January/February in the modern (Gregorian) calendar. 181:3sn The fortieth year would be 1406 b.c. according to the “early” date of the exodus. See E. H. Merrill, Kingdom of Priests, 66-75. 191:3tn Heb “according to all which.” 201:4tn Heb “when he struck [or “smote”].” 211:4sn See Deut 2:26–3:22. 221:4tn Heb “who lived.” 231:4sn Heshbon is probably modern Tell Hesban, about 7.5 mi (12 km) south southwest of Amman, Jordan. 241:4tn Heb “who lived.” 251:4sn Ashtaroth is probably Tell àAshtarah, about 22 mi (35 km) due east of the Sea of Galilee. 261:4sn Edrei is probably modern Deràa, 60 mi (95 km) south of Damascus (see Num 21:33; Josh 12:4; 13:12, 31). 271:5tn Heb “this instruction”; KJV, NIV, NRSV “this law”; TEV “God’s laws and teachings.” The Hebrew noun תוֹרָה (torah) is derived from the verb יָרָה (yarah, “to teach”) and here it refers to the Book of Deuteronomy, not the Pentateuch as a whole. 281:6tn Heb “lived”; “dwelled.” 291:7tn Heb “turn”; NAB “Leave here”; NIV, TEV “Break camp.” 301:7tn Heb “go (to).” 311:7tn Heb “its dwelling places.” 321:7tn Heb “the Arabah” (so ASV, NAB, NIV, NRSV). 331:7tn Heb “lowlands” (so TEV) or “steppes”; NIV, CEV, NLT “the western foothills.”sn The Shephelah is the geographical region between the Mediterranean coastal plain and the Judean hill country. 341:7sn The Hebrew term Negev means literally “desert” or “south” (so KJV, ASV). It refers to the area south of Beer Sheba and generally west of the Arabah Valley between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. 351:8tn Heb “I have placed before you the land.” 361:8tn Heb “the Lord.” Since the Lord is speaking, it is preferable for clarity to supply the first person pronoun in the translation. 371:8tn Heb “swore” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT). This refers to God’s promise, made by solemn oath, to give the patriarchs the land. 381:8tn Heb “fathers” (also in vv. 11, 21, 35). 391:8tn Heb “their seed after them.” 401:10tn Heb “multiplied you.” 411:10tn Or “heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context. 421:11tn Heb “may he bless you.” 431:13tn The Hebrew verb נְבֹנִים (nÿvonim, from בִּין [bin]) is a Niphal referring to skill or intelligence (see T. Fretheim, NIDOTTE 1:652-53). 441:15tn Or “selected”; Heb “took.” 451:16tn Or “you.” A number of English versions treat the remainder of this verse and v. 17 as direct discourse rather than indirect discourse (cf. KJV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT). 461:16tn Heb “brothers.” The term “brothers” could, in English, be understood to refer to siblings, so “fellow citizens” has been used in the translation. 471:16tn The Hebrew word צֶדֶק (tsedeq, “fairly”) carries the basic idea of conformity to a norm of expected behavior or character, one established by God himself. Fair judgment adheres strictly to that norm or standard (see D. Reimer, NIDOTTE 3:750). 481:16tn Heb “between a man and his brother.” 491:16tn Heb “his stranger” or “his sojourner”; NAB, NIV “an alien”; NRSV “resident alien.” The Hebrew word גֵּר (ger) commonly means “foreigner.” 501:17tn Heb “you,” and throughout the verse (cf. NASB, NRSV). 511:17tn Heb “the small,” but referring to social status, not physical stature. 521:20tn The Hebrew participle has an imminent future sense here, although many English versions treat it as a present tense (“is giving us,” NAB, NIV, NRSV) or a predictive future (“will give us,” NCV). 531:21tn Heb “the Lord your God.” The pronoun (“he”) has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons, to avoid repetition. 541:21tn Or “has given you the land” (cf. NAB, NIV, NRSV). 551:23tn Heb “the thing was good in my eyes.” 561:23tn Or “selected” (so NIV, NRSV, TEV); Heb “took.” 571:24tn Or “the Wadi Eshcol” (so NAB).sn The Eshcol Valley is a verdant valley near Hebron, still famous for its viticulture (cf. Num 13:22-23). The Hebrew name “Eshcol” means “trestle,” that is, the frame on which grape vines grow. 581:25tn The Hebrew text includes “in their hand,” which is unnecessary and somewhat redundant in English style. 591:26tn Heb “the mouth of the Lord your God.” To include “the mouth” would make for odd English style. The mouth stands by metonymy for the Lord’s command, which in turn represents the Lord himself. 601:27tn Heb “in your tents,” that is, privately. 611:28tn Heb “have caused our hearts to melt.” 621:28tn Heb “greater.” Many English versions understand this to refer to physical size or strength rather than numbers (cf. “stronger,” NAB, NIV, NRSV; “bigger,” NASB). 631:28tn Or “as the sky.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context. 641:28tn Heb “we have seen.” 651:28tn Heb “the sons of the Anakim.”sn Anakites were giant people (Num 13:33; Deut 2:10, 21; 9:2) descended from a certain Anak whose own forefather Arba founded the city of Kiriath Arba, i.e., Hebron (Josh 21:11). 661:29tn Heb “do not tremble and do not be afraid.” Two synonymous commands are combined for emphasis. 671:30tn The Hebrew participle indicates imminent future action here, though some English versions treat it as a predictive future (“will go ahead of you,” NCV; cf. also TEV, CEV). 681:30tn Heb “according to all which he did for you in Egypt before your eyes.” 691:31tn Heb “the Lord your God.” The pronoun (“him”) has been employed in the translation for stylistic reasons. 701:34tn Heb “and swore,” i.e., made an oath or vow. 711:35tn Heb “Not a man among these men.” 721:36sn Caleb had, with Joshua, brought back to Israel a minority report from Canaan urging a conquest of the land, for he was confident of the Lord’s power (Num 13:6, 8, 16, 30; 14:30, 38). 731:36tn Heb “the Lord.” The pronoun (“me”) has been employed in the translation, since it sounds strange to an English reader for the Lord to speak about himself in third person. 741:38tn Heb “the one who stands before you”; NAB “your aide”; TEV “your helper.” 751:38tn Heb “it”; the referent (the land) has been specified in the translation for clarity. 761:39tn Heb “would be a prey.” 771:39sn Do not know good from bad. This is a figure of speech called a merism (suggesting a whole by referring to its extreme opposites). Other examples are the tree of “the knowledge of good and evil” (Gen 2:9), the boy who knows enough “to reject the wrong and choose the right” (Isa 7:16; 8:4), and those who “cannot tell their right hand from their left” (Jonah 4:11). A young child is characterized by lack of knowledge. 781:40tn The Hebrew pronoun is plural, as are the following verbs, indicating that Moses and the people are addressed (note v. 41). 791:40tn Heb “the Reed Sea.” “Reed” is a better translation of the Hebrew סוּף (suf), traditionally rendered “red.” The name “Red Sea” is based on the LXX which referred to it as ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης (eruqra" qalassh", “red sea”). Nevertheless, because the body of water in question is known in modern times as the Red Sea, this term was used in the translation. The part of the Red Sea in view here is not the one crossed in the exodus but its eastern arm, now known as the Gulf of Eilat or Gulf of Aqaba. 801:43tn Heb “the mouth of the Lord.” See note at 1:26. 811:44tn Heb “in that hill country,” repeating the end of v. 43. 821:44tn Heb “came out to meet.” 831:44sn Hormah is probably Khirbet el-Meshash, 5.5 mi (9 km) west of Arad and 7.5 mi (12 km) SE of Beer Sheba. Its name is a derivative of the verb חָרָם (kharam, “to ban; to exterminate”). See Num 21:3. 841:45tn Heb “the Lord.” The pronoun (“he”) has been employed in the translation here for stylistic reasons, to avoid redundancy. 851:45tn Heb “did not hear your voice and did not turn an ear to you.” 861:46tn Heb “like the days which you lived.” This refers to the rest of the forty-year period in the desert before Israel arrived in Moab.